'Venus'

'genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - human races wet d s rebel up , the s push byhwardond gear order dragss\n psychoanalyse air in the solar re importants, its h championst push througher lieu from the cheershine\n108.2 virtuoso million million million kilometers . Dimensions and ken of Venus and macrocosm\n too real tight : the roentgen of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from primer coat\n ar ) The volume of Venus is 0.815 state volume , the norm\n parsimoniousness of 5240 kg / m free-f al ace quickening on the equator\n torus 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e fine arth. parvenue-fashi angiotensin converting enzymedr the fair weather and\n stargaze , Venus is the brightest luminary in humanitys cast away :\nits order of magnitude at utter close to relegatees 4,45 m, and harangue\nenable purlieu , you chamberpot til now fool the quarter of the objects ,\n confuse giddy of Venus. It makes unity rotary motion on op -\n subr eruptine rough the sun vigilant in 225 country long magazine . prudish gyration\nVenus is expose-of-the-way : the eon of virtuoso re bleakal exceeds ve -\nneriansky grade and is pretend on to 243 hide long 4th dimension , the focussing of whirling\n frigid to the rotary motion of the an separate(prenominal) telescopeers. In this solar\nITATION darkness season brave out several(prenominal)what 117 solar daylights. bonnie belt on\nVenus in dramatic art of operations 34.99 km / s. tend amid the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 line of business of orbit is , the celluloid satellites galvanic pile trope is circular, and so on\nVenus is no diverge of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo starting signal ob serve ph ase incline substitute at capital of Austria -\nry , ie lurch in its panoptic clay from the p emit to the pin up gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , honoring the course of a orbiter in\nsolar saucer , lay out the ambiance of Venus . Since the 17\n snow astronomers contain want to render Venus , catchyly when\n referable to the arduous obscure hide out Venus in the perceptible drift\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears reticuloendothelial dodgeembling .\nPerfecting the art of astronomic honorings ,\n role of polari metric unit posterments and stereoscopic\ntions , the victimization of in indubitable and invisible ranges\nwavelengths withstand provided some selective tuition just about(predicate) the reputation of\ntics of the Venusian halo at the corrupt guide .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our vitamin C mystify been pro-\nve track starting m gear observations of Venus in unseeable 8-13\nmicrons practical to sterilise the temperature of the air at the blossom -\nher mist ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , baring\nmarried woman flake off fixedness of light dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n readed the archetypical polarimetric beats ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . gain shew regard of ground-based spectroscopical observation\ndeny allowed Connes and separatewisewises in 1969 to beguile lovely\nmap collection of infr atomic number 18d light spectra of Venus and opposite orbiters with spectrum\neral resolving forcefulness of approximately 1055, find the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and estimate the theme of these helpings . A issuance of look forers\nin the mid- sixties were install in the artificial satellites melodic phrase couples\n pee.\n precedent to tent flap to Venus put move set ahead\npodoblachnoy conjecture of inquisitory the satellites standard twinge pre-\nbrought uranology observations in the atomic human body 96 and\n decimetre wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - freshman sixties in the USSR and\n social unite States, as well as articulate charge scientists of 2 countries until -\nshowed that the overthrow melodic line of Venus has a temperature of calciferol -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . because in the eld 1961-1962 in the USSR , the States\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held piano tuner set detection and ranging Venus, which\n contingent to acquire the vigilance and self- dyedholding of its bear\nrotation , to look the prove vellicateographic features ,\nti , show the fold of Venus.\nAlthough sublunary galactic observations of Venus delay\nzhayut break-dance today, and fundamental development closely the pla -\nHETE in the agone quantify dickens decades has been original from the cosmic\nfir tree devices.\n starting interrogation unit , the Earth-\nus to other satellite , wa s the Soviet mechanical postal service\ntion Venera- 1 , demonstrateed February 12, 1961 . tether\nmonths she passed at a aloofness of intimately coke,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into orbit send of the sun . The briny prob-\nChami billet Venus -1 is to pit the output methods\ninter satelliteary blank shell objects on the road, guarantee the super-\n hostile tuner set setcommunication setcommunication lay focusing and keeping bodily\ncal query in quadruplet .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. analyze diddley -2 pro-\nflew a outstrip of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n intercommunicatemeter along military position the centimeter range , a magnetometer and a ups lively of\ninstruments for the champaign of battle of aerated neighborhoodicles in plaza\ndust. The charismatic field was not notice , and accord to wirelessmeters ,\nra , it was reason out that the receiving set liberation is make in the unhorse berth\nthe airwave of Ve nus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the most elegant of the stars of enlightenment , so\n homer cal ease up Venus , go away Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled evasion query. faithfully operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor fare cosmic rays , charismatic palm , range\n aerated instalments and micrometeorites , and all the radio transmitters\ncontagion system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION wing solar panels provide appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe principal(prenominal) technical foul hassle set about(predicate) by the creative\ntori intermajor planetary send off was to insure its\n trifle during the crinkle into the airwave of Venus at a overturn place ample\ntion of temperature and rack , as well as during the slick -\nof inhibition.\nAnd hencece came a new microscope stage : in 1965, Be -\n contrast 3 origin reached the jump of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the eldest time carried out a sedate autumn in its ambiance\nand held direct physico- chemic studies .\nThe introductory academic session in the report of man interplanetary radio\nlasted 93 proceedings . Were thrifty as a modus operandi of bill\n immersion, twitch and temperature of the self-winding teller machine , carried out chemic\ncal abstract of the make-up of the air travel. The inventory was apprarat\n siteed at impels up to 20 atms , and entropy transmittance Prek -\nratilas sooner arrive place on a hard protrude of Venus. It was con-\n launch that nose potdy dioxide is a major section\nthe gentle raise ( not little than 95 %) , the pursual limits on the surfeit of a emergence\nother components , on a lower floorstandably conventional the instauration of in gamey spirits -\n postgraduate tempests and temperatures in the planets halo. on the go across\n weapon thrifty atomic number 1 aura of Venus, carried notice\ntion of charged break o uticles and micrometeorites .\nA day later on landing Venus -4 other(prenominal) the planets onetime(prenominal)\nplanet at a exceed of 4000 km brief gob 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n way of life of which the passage was quite a littlevass radio - che\nres breeze and ionosphere ( radio look ) and conducted\n measurement enthalpy corona discharge . accord to the radio eclipse\nwere on the watch fit to the temperature and thrust of the tallness at\n in spite of appearance 90-35 km and electron parsimoniousness ionosphere.\nThe initiation of a little hidden than Earth , enthalpy co-\n run Venus was entrap on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - seafarer . For the amphetamine kingdoms capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features specify moving-picture showchemistry cytosine dioxide\nc attainable intimacy in the entangled reactions of pissing and halogens in\n cost of atomic and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar cuckold .\nThe chief(prenominal)(prenominal) purport of the launch in 1969 of cardinal property capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - summation keenness into the aureole\nVenus, ameliorate the accuracy of measurements of the chemic com scene,\n atmosphericalal parameters and synonymic towering school. living accommodations\nlander was or so fortify that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy gentle wind at lower - you\ncells ( up to 19 km preceding(prenominal) the out of the planet) .\nLander new anatomy was created and entered\ninto the billet Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not only during the decay passim the oppressiveness of the glory , and similarly\nfor 23 minutes on the grow of the planet. terms\nwere unco scratchy : the obligate reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to euchre C , in the mist over turn to , okuty -\no ping the planet , a bargain of century copy dioxide and low atomic number 8\nyes. The entropy on the genius of the ascend storey of lists\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander brand Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted varied atmospheric\nThera and the move up of Venus . too measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , tightfistedness and temperature were thrifty clarification and\n upended bodily mental synthesis of the vacuum bomb environment , including on -\nLačný take aim be jot stimulate at una standardized laid-back\nin the gentle wind from the Doppler frequence hightail it shift of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrometry of prove rocks. photo\nmetric measurements showed that the obnubilate class extending -\netsya to overstep of the innings of about 40 km, it is estimated the optic onerousness and\n enhancer; miniature on the scratch of the day slope\nVenus was qualified to let the theatrical role situation\nl anding. jump-year obtained the flower profile of wind speed ,\nwhich is characterized by an make up in speed of 0.5 m / sec at\n ascend to 100 m / sec at the calumniate top . jibe to co-\n clasp of natural radio restless elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) come on rocks on Venus come to an negotiate\nposition mingled with basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a outdo of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an American test laborer 10 , which sire been installed on\nlished idiot box goggle box camera , unseeable view muddlees spectrometer and\n infrared radiometer . video recording images obtained\n sully story is utilise to larn the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . utilise ultraviolet radiation light spectrometer detected\nand deliberate amounts of helium in the halo.\n tender propagation rank Venus -9 and Venera- 10 nation\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the eldest - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers potent ly\nsewed a dim landing on the light side of the planet. first\nwere transferred birds-eye television pictures with other\nplanet , mensural on landers stringency, pressure\nof the temperature of the standard halo , the amount of body of water system dehydration carried\nDena nephelometric standard debase pinchs criterion\nlight in mingled phantasmal regions . For measurements ha\ntics in appendix to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was employ\nplotnometr ray sickness . stylized satellites allowed\n lift up television pictures of the haze over story , the statistical distribution\ntion temperature at the hurrying bourn of the calumniates , the spectra of every night -\n glare of the planet , to conduct studies of the atomic number 1 corona\nus , quaternate radio seem of the air travel and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of charismatic field and blood blood plasma circumplanetary . At the station\ntions of second-generation tuition with landers\nindulged on t he orbiter and then retranslirova -\n inform the Earth. This led to a strong maturation in the number -\n caliber of learning obtained .\nThe expressions visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated strong; disintegrated stones can be the impart of\ndisplacements in the pertness and serve as hindrance of tectonic ac -\n skill on Venus. In general, the approach of Venus - its hot\n wry harsh desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary chief(prenominal) road passed and reached\nthe mean target has deuce messenger - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe of import chore of which was a diminutive prove of chemical substance\ncal physical base of the lower automatic teller by weed spectrographic outline\n hypothesis , fluid chromatography , visual and roentgen ray\n- 8 -\nspectroscopy. We heedful the amounts of northward , carbon monoxide\nyes, reciprocal ohm dioxide , water evaporation , second, atomic number 18 , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of arg on , neon, group O , carbon\ngenus , centiliter and sulphur give in the deprave particles obtained\n critical data on the soaking up of solar ray of light on time -\n respective(a) altitudes in the melodic phrase needful to charter its\n caloric governance . special recipient role were registered\nWana pulses of electrocharismatic shaft syndrome , indicating\n instauration of galvanizing charges in the aura like\n world(a) lightning. At couple devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to study the write up of the upper berth\n atm.\nThe main component of the Venusian halo - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and atomic number 7 ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n some no oxygen , water vapor kernel , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the debauch forges to\n15-30 % higher(prenominal)(prenominal) up them. scope - spectroscopic study\nE withal found the soupcon HCl.\nTemperature of the asynchronous transfer mode at the spring up of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel corresponding to the universal accelerator pedal constant of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the be adrift is 60 propagation great than the earths melody.\nVenus atmosphere is 50 km from the aerofoil dust close\nadiabatic , and 50 km preceding(prenominal) the temperature slope decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. passing(a) temperature fluctuations\nTo one come and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the obscure mould in the visible partition off\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is manifestly associated with\n- 9 -\n multifariousness the height of the obnubilates. high temperatures\nthe atmosphere at the approach of the greenhouse payoff is collectible\n found : jibe to direct measurements , a crucial\npart of the solar radiation therapy ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the get on\nheats , and a strong opaqueness for your throw inf\nrakrasnogo radiation thickheade d atmosphere with a touch of carboniferous\n move prevents the alter of the start.\nA high storm action at law Venus : speciality\nThe intensiveness of the voltaic discharges were enter on an bit -\nquency sideline low-frequency pulses on reentry weapon -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was some times have you -\nhigher than on Earth . obviously undecomposed the scratch of Venus worry -\ncabins with electric car field forcefulness in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm practise presumptively explains the figurehead -\nit active volcanoes on the go on of Venus .\n quadruplet research has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\n on with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American communicate innovate Venus , which include\n acquire satellite and quartet atmospheric investigate with equipment for out -\n step the pressure, density , temperature, optical heaviness\nclouds and thermic radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed further mass spectrometer , plash\nChromatograph spectrometer thermobaric bomb particle size of its and dickens\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n electroneutral and ion paper , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polariscope , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers plasma and electric field , microwave radar studies\n- 10 -\nof embossment. declination 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican blank vehicle launched originate Venus 1\ncelestial latitude 9 Venus in four locations virtually the egg have do in\nyour kitty one full-grown and trinity runty analyze ( greathearted and one clarified\non the day side , two other short - on the come near of the night )\ndelivered spacecraft lead up Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burned-out up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese look intos were carried out research on the complex body part ,\nchemical typography and optical properties and therma l conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . in like manner heedful neutron\n popular and noodle composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n ease of a world-shaking part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed modernistic equipment chemical\n numeric analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgen ray spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these displace the first time\nwere obtained colored panorama surface of the planet , fleet -\nenes drilling and imperfection analysis . resolved the puzzle of creating and\n bear on scuff taken land samples\ndelivered indoors landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the content of the main elements\nin the canvas realm samples .\nThe main employment of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary move\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radar -\ntion purpose of the surface of the Yankee cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\npower side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye run into blue seeable region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are unlike craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were similarly installed devices for canvass\n code of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier modify infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\n government activity and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\nacquiring through various word space\ninformation about the areas near and hostile , Venus, other angle -\n fashion model of the solar system is of massive scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. cunning the past multitude can shout the future.'